Nod you later

Lupin, a nodulating legume -- Creative Commons photo by Flickr user aussiegall

Nitrogen seems like a strange element to have problems acquiring. After all, it’s by far the most abundant element in the atmosphere -- about two thousand times as abundant as CO₂ -- and, on average, plants only need one nitrogen atom per 30 carbon atoms. Yet, as any gardener will tell you, nitrogen is also one of the most important limiting resources for plants, and is the sole reason we have a lucrative international trade in bird crap. Despite being bathed in nitrogen for their entire lives, plants lack the metabolic machinery to break the strong triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms. They need someone else do the hard work for them. 

Defining the Relationship

C. pennsylvanicus photo courtesy the excellent Alexander Wild

Having dealt last week with the termites of the sea, it would seem reasonable to leave the littoral and move along to honest-to-goodness termites of the land. But we’re not (termites will come later, I promise!). Like termites and shipworms, this week’s host organism can frequently be found boring holes in wood, and has caused consternation to many a homeowner. Unlike those aforementioned mutualists, though, this animal doesn’t consume the wood or digest any cellulose -- it just chews holes through it to make a nest. 

Carpenter ants should be familiar to pretty much everyone who’s ever seen an ant; the species commonly found here in the Eastern United States (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is, at up to 2 cm in length, fairly hard to ignore. The ‘tribe’ to which carpenter ants belong, the Camponotini, is one of the largest and most successful groups of ants, composed of over a thousand species distributed across the globe. With such a common host species, it’s little surprise that their symbiotic bacteria were one of the first such associations to be discovered: endosymbiotic microbes were first described in the gut epithelium and ovaries of Camponotus way back in 1882 by F. Blochmann. What is surprising is that it’s taken scientists over a century to figure out what the heck the bacteria are doing there.

Camponotus, coming soon to a blog near you

Unexpectedly explosive day today; you'll get your carpenter ants soon enough...

Fish, and plankton, and sea greens, and termites from the sea!

shipworm damage; photo CC flickr user alaskaent

Wood makes for a pretty tough meal. To start with, cellulose -- wood’s primary constituent -- is indigestible by most organisms. If that weren’t bad enough, the cellulose itself is packed in a dense matrix of other intransigent biopolymers like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, making it structurally difficult even to get enzymes in and working. And to top it all off, wood contains very little nitrogen -- about an order of magnitude less than most organisms need to grow, relative to carbon.

With such a difficult hurdle to overcome, it’s pretty strange that one of the world’s champion wood-eating animals lives in an environment where no wood grows (the ocean) and belongs to a class that has never even evolved teeth (the bivalves). Thus the somewhat unfortunately named shipworms (family Teredinidae) are something of an enigma. 

Science blogging for quals!

In a few months, I'm going to try to convince a room full of professors that I know my stuff well enough to keep going down this crazy road called science. That means I'm going to have to stuff an awful lot of knowledge into my feeble little brain in short order.

Since I'm the sort of chap who learns by doing, I thought I could use this fantastic and ill-frequented patch of the Interwebs as practice space -- sort of a public whiteboard where I can scribble my notes in hopes that the very act of scribbling can charge enough synapses to get me through quals. Making it public will, I hope, instill in me the (undoubtedly spurious) notion that someone is expecting something from me, short-circuiting the otherwise constant desire to go do something else.

Thus I present to you: Mutualism Mondays! For your edification, and my betterment as man and scientist, I will be publishing here a weekly compendium of Information on Symbiotic Mutualisms. These posts will deal with a new species interaction each week, and are meant to serve as a brief background and jumping-off point for further research. Since my primary purpose here is preparing for my exams, these posts are likely to be a good deal more technical than what you'll find in the Hours By Hours archives; however, you should be able to get a feel for the system whatever your background.

Posts should include, at minimum, a brief (~300-500 word) overview of the system, a link to relevant research programs active in its study, an annotated bibliography of a handful of seminal and current papers, and, where possible, a pretty picture or two. I'll modify this format as I get a feel for what's most useful.

My goal, of course, is to somehow manage to pass my quals and score another three and half years enjoying the life of an intellectual social freeloader. But maybe, just maybe, the magic of teh Google will someday bring along someone who finds the collected information useful.

We can only hope.

But I digress. Come back this Monday, March 1st, for: SHIPWORMS!

GO UC STUDENTS!

My adopted home state continues to disgrace itself. Now students are (justly!) protesting the continued decay of their once-proud institution, and, naturally, getting arrested for it. Perhaps this is a ploy by the prison workers' union to get yet more wards?

About that title...

Since Internet memes play such an important part in this story, it seemed fitting to make the title out of one. I started by Googling "tiny lights in the darkness," which had the imagery I wanted but was too mundane. The first hit is some crazy Spanish-language art blog that is waaaay too hip for me, but which seems totally down the with memes, and has the unbelievably fantastic title "stubborn tiny lights vs. clustering darkness forever ok?"

Hit #2 is a (weird, terrifying, violent) short story on everything2, whose author seems to have recognized the awesomeness of the aforementioned title, thus cribbing it for their own. I suppose it could also be from the same author as the blog, or the original source. Nonetheless I of course could not be the second short story author to crib this title. I needed somehow to make it mine!

Off to yet another Internet meme: Translation Party. TP performs the invaluable service of translating your English-language phrase into Japanese, and then back into English, and back again to Japanese, and so on until it reaches equilibrium. FUN! It really seemed to like "stubborn tiny lights vs. clustering darkness forever ok?" and went through more than twenty iterations before settling on "If you are a bit dark, if possible, or cluster, or a stubborn case, the decrease of the signal?"*

Which is well and good, but I appreciated the brevity, implied dynamism between narrator and audience, and allusions to digital technology of English Translation #9, which became my title. Voila!

*For bonus points, try TP'ing the original phrase either without the question mark or without the ok.